Inflation continues its relentless rise across the eurozone. From a low of minus -0.3% in December 2020 it has risen to 7.4% in April of this year and is now much above the ECB’s inflation objective of 2%.
As shown in Figure 1, not only is inflation high but there is an extraordinary degree of dispersion of inflation across the member countries of the eurozone. Inflation in April ranged from 5.4% in France and in Malta to 16.6% in Lithuania and 19.1% in Estonia. The interquartile range of inflation reached 3.8% in March and in April, the highest level observed at least since 2000.
This surge in inflation is the reason why the ECB is preparing to stop its asset purchases and raise interest rates for the first time since 2011. In thinking about the monetary policy implications of this development it is important to have a clear understanding of whether the rise in inflation is due to sharp increases in demand for goods and services or a contraction in the economy’s capacity to supply output at the going price level, caused by higher production costs or supply chain problems.
To address that question, it is useful to ask what factors can explain the exceptional rise and divergence of inflation in the eurozone. The public debate has focused on two factors.
The first of these is the surge in prices of oil, gas and coal following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Since the relative importance of fossil fuel – relative to hydro power, nuclear power and renewables – in energy supply varies between countries, this may explain part of the divergence of inflation.
The second factor is the disruption of economic relationships – involving trade, finance, the flow of workers and supply chains – between Russia and the economies of Europe caused by the war. Since the strength of economic relationships depends critically on the proximity of economies, one would expect that the geographical distance between the various eurozone economies and Russia might also help explain the spatial distribution of inflation across the eurozone.
Interestingly, these two hypotheses are supported by the data. As shown in Figure 1, the correlation between inflation across the eurozone and the fraction of energy that comes from fossil fuels is very high at 0.57. Thus, countries that use a lot of fossil fuel have seen sharper increases in inflation.
